[ { "id": "historical-cartography", "title": "Historical Cartography", "layers": [ { "id": "before-ir", "title": "Before the Industrial Revolution", "description" : "In Friesland (Fryslân), PastForward uses Schotanus Atlas Halma Edition. The first edition of Schotanus Atlas was produced by Bernard Schotanus in 1698. After the death of Schotanus in 1704, François Halma edited and published this 1718 edition of the atlas. The Halma edition is, therefore, the enlarged edition of the first atlas of the Dutch province of Friesland, including detailed maps of 30 municipalities (\"grietenijkaart\") of the entire province of Friesland. The scale varies between around 1:27.000 to 1:43.500. The digital scans are acquired from Tresoar.\nIn Drenthe, we choose one of the most important and oldest military maps of Drenthe, the so-called French maps, produced between 1811 and 1813 by French and Dutch military engineers under the supervision of d'escadron d'Epailly. The maps are on a 1:20.000 scale, depict the land use by different color encoding, and map out details such as individual buildings, mills, and waterways. They are archived in the French Military Archives (\"Ministere des Armes, Service Historique de la Defense\" in Vincennes, France [inventory number: GR 3 M 446]. For Pastforward, we acquired the digital scans from the Centre for Landscape Studies at RUG.\nIn Groningen, mapping the province presents a more complex puzzle as it was not as fully or accurately mapped as the neighbouring provinces. One of this area's earliest comprehensive topographical surveys was conducted by W.T. Hattinga and his sons, D.W.C. Hattinga and A. Hattinga. The scale of these maps varies between 1:20,000 and 1:30,000. In particular, these maps cover the area around the city of Groningen and the eastern part of the province in the Westerwolde area for the province. Hattinga brothers compiled and copied older maps to create their own. The maps of Westerwolde were made between 1788 and 1792, and the area around Groningen between 1792 and 1794. The Hattinga maps are primarily assembled in loose-leaf atlases and archived in The National Archives of the Netherlands [inventory number: 4.OSK/2.66/ G35I-G35III.9].\nCaptain Engineer J.H. Hottinger, a Swiss military engineer, undertook the task of enhancing the mapping of the northern and eastern provinces between 1773 and 1794. The Hottinger Atlas maps on the scale of 1:14.400 surpass many of the Hattinga maps in detail and accuracy, partly due to their larger scale. In Pastforward, we prioritize Hottinger over Hattinga where available. The Hottinger maps are archived in the National Archives of the Netherlands, [inventory number: 4.OSK/2.210/W17.1-W17.9]. For Pastforward, we acquired the digital scans from the Centre for Landscape Studies at RUG.\nBoth the Hattinga and Hottinger maps were produced for military purposes and do not focus on parcel use but provide detailed representations of land use and vegetation. The notable map by T. Beckeringh from 1781 is an exception in this theme, characterized by its smaller scale and lower accuracy. Although Beckeringh's map of Groningen is not as accurate as Hattinga's or Hottinger's maps, it provides an essential representation of the landscape to represent the areas in Groningen province that Hottinger and Hattinga do not cover. Moreover, it is accepted as one of the most comprehensive maps before the application of modern cartography.\n\n", "image" : "static/Schotanus_legend.jpg", "sub-layers": [ { "id": "schotanus-halma-1718-fryslan", "title": "Schotanus Halma 1718 (Fryslân)", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/PHrUCWXcVq4HQRPl/arcgis/rest/services/Schotanus_Halma_v3/MapServer" }, { "id": "hattinga_1740", "title": "Hattinga Family Atlas 1740-1790", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/PHrUCWXcVq4HQRPl/arcgis/rest/services/Hattinga/MapServer" }, { "id": "drenthe_fraans", "title": "French Maps of Drenthe 1811-1812", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/PHrUCWXcVq4HQRPl/arcgis/rest/services/French_Drenthe_tile/MapServer" }, { "id": "hottinger", "title": "Hottinger Atlas of the North and East Netherlands 1773-1794", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/PHrUCWXcVq4HQRPl/arcgis/rest/services/Hottinger_1773_1794_GR/MapServer" } ] }, { "id": "1820-1824", "title": "1820-1824 (around 200 years ago)", "description" : "In 1815, the newly created Topographical Bureau was commissioned to map the Northern Netherlands. 1st Lieutenant Engineer W.U. Huguenin and his team compiled topographical maps of the northern provinces. Aside from Friesland, the Huguenin Atlas represents the first detailed topographical maps of the regions of the North. The maps in the Huguenin Atlas are at a scale of 1:43.000. The maps of Friesland, Groningen, and North Drenthe were created between 1819 and 1823, while most of South Drenthe was mapped in 1829. The maps were primarily made for military purposes, as the areas were considered vulnerable to potential attacks from the east. Huguenin utilized not only his own surveys but also existing maps by Hottinger and French and cadastral maps. The characteristics outside the towns, such as increasing peat extraction in Drenthe and the adjoining province of Friesland, are clearly visible on the maps. The untamed character of the Dutch countryside is vividly depicted, especially in the \"wild lands\" (\"woeste gronden\") around areas like Hoog Veen.\nThe Huguenin maps are archived in the National Archives of the Netherlands [inventory number: 4.OSK/2.77/G28-G28.99].\n", "image" : "static/huguenin_legend.jpg", "sub-layers": [ { "id": "huguenin-1820-1824", "title": "Huguenin 1820-1824", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/PHrUCWXcVq4HQRPl/arcgis/rest/services/Huguenin_full/MapServer" } ] }, { "id": "1835-1859", "title": "1835-1859 (around 190 years ago)", "description" : "In the province of Friesland, W. Eekhoff published a series of maps forming a topographical atlas of this province between 1849 and 1859. He made maps of the 32 Frisian municipalities (\"grietenijkaart\"). This collection is one of the oldest materials containing a relatively complete and clear picture of the landscape, including the pathways. Eekhoff depicts the landscape with high-level details, such as with all the mounds (\"terpen\") known to him, and closed salt marsh areas, as well as adds details such as alloyed land due to siltation or closure of the meander such as at Dokkumer Grutdijp are amongst the details. The maps in the Eekhoff Atlas are on a scale of 1:25.000. The digital scans are acquired from Tresoar. Between 1835 and 1860, an overview map of each province was published, primarily based on the data from cadastral maps. Engineer J.H. Jappe, combined many cadastral maps into a provincial map for Groningen on the scale of 1:50.000, and it was published in four sections. The Jappe's map is seen as the predecessor of TMK for Groningen. The provincial map of Drenthe, by J.C.Brauns en A.Werncke, is completed in1840 on the scale of 1:50.000. The map features numerous details, including churches, mills, local names, names of estates, locks, and bridges over canals, and various roads. It also categorizes land use into agricultural areas around residential areas, green areas and meadows along rivers, and forests.", "image" : "static/Eekhoff_legend.jpg", "sub-layers": [ { "id": "Jappe-1835", "title": "Jappé 1835", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/PHrUCWXcVq4HQRPl/arcgis/rest/services/Jappe/MapServer" }, { "id": "Brauns-1840", "title": "Brauns and Werncke 1840", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/PHrUCWXcVq4HQRPl/arcgis/rest/services/Brauns_1840/MapServer" }, { "id": "Eekhoff-1849-1859", "title": "Eekhoff 1849-1859", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/PHrUCWXcVq4HQRPl/arcgis/rest/services/Eekhof_26_moasic/MapServer" } ] }, { "id": "1850-1864", "title": "1850-1864 (around 170 years ago)", "description" : "Around 1834, military surveyors began working on the country's first Topographical Military Map (\"topografische militaire kaart,\" abbreviated as TMK). In 1850, the first sheets of the Topographical and Military Map of the Netherlands were published on the scale of 1:50.000 and completed in 1864. TMK marks the beginning of the modern topographical mapping of the Netherlands.\nThe TMK is vital for multiple reasons. At the time, no other European country produced such detailed maps. The level of detail is striking, capturing a snapshot of the pre-industrial Dutch landscape when cities were mainly enclosed with moats, giving a complete and geographically accurate picture of the land and settlements.", "sub-layers": [ { "id": "tmk-1850-nettekeningen-kleur", "title": "TMK 1850 Nettekeningen (kleur)", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/nSZVuSZjHpEZZbRo/arcgis/rest/services/TMKNettekening/MapServer" } ] }, { "id": "begin-1900", "title": "Begin 1900s (around 125 years ago)", "description" : "The maps published since the mid-nineteenth century by the Topographical Service meet modern cartographical representations. TMK’s successor is the more detailed Chromo-topographic Map of the Kingdom (“Chromo-topografische kaart des Rijks”). It is also known as Bonne maps (\"bonnebladen\"), the name derived from Bonne projection, and it is on a 1:25.000 scale.\nThese oldest series of topographical maps (the TMK and also the Bonne maps) are crucial for understanding the historical and physical geographical situation before land consolidation and other large-scale interventions in the landscape. \n", "image" : "static/bonnebladen_legend.jpg", "sub-layers": [ { "id": "bonnebladen-1870-1935", "title": "Bonnebladen 1870-1935", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/nSZVuSZjHpEZZbRo/arcgis/rest/services/Historische_tijdreis_1867/MapServer" } ] }, { "id": "after-1935", "title": "After 1935 (around 90 years ago)", "description" : "From 1935 onwards, Topographical Service started publishing a new series of maps at a scale of 1:25,000 to replace the existing Bonne maps. By the late 1950s, the first map series had been fully completed for the entire Netherlands. In the PastForward, they allow users to navigate in the dramatically changed landscape when accelerated agronomic and urban changes can be easily traced. Topographic maps from The Netherlands' Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency ('Topographical Bureau', now 'Kadaster'), offer their older map material at national level georeferenced and of course the latest series of vector maps (1:10,000, 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 and smaller) in digital delivery via topotijdreis.nl website, developed by Esri Nederland using tiled services on ArcGIS Online. \n", "image" : "static/1925rond_Chromo_topo_legend.tjp.jpg" }, { "id": "historische-topografische-data-1950", "title": "Historische topografische data 1950", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/nSZVuSZjHpEZZbRo/arcgis/rest/services/Historische_tijdreis_1950/MapServer" }, { "id": "historische-topografische-data-1970", "title": "Historische topografische data 1970", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/nSZVuSZjHpEZZbRo/arcgis/rest/services/Historische_tijdreis_1970/MapServer" }, { "id": "historische-topografische-data-2000", "title": "Historische topografische data 2000", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/nSZVuSZjHpEZZbRo/arcgis/rest/services/Historische_tijdreis_2000/MapServer" } ] }, { "id": "present-day", "title": "Present Day", "layers": [ { "id": "landform", "title": "Landform", "type": "imagery", "opacity": 1, "url": "https://ahn.arcgisonline.nl/arcgis/rest/services/Hoogtebestand/AHN4_DTM_50cm/ImageServer", "description" : "The Current Elevation of the Netherlands ('Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland', abbreviated as AHN) contains detailed and precise altitude data for the whole area of the Netherlands. They employ laser technology to gather three-dimensional height data from helicopters and aircraft, allowing precise measurements of ground-level elevation across the Netherlands, accurate to within 5 centimeters per square meter, including detailed information about buildings and vegetation. The government has made the AHN data publicly available as open data, accessible without any restrictions, to promote the reuse and application of this valuable information. Instead of a spectrum color palette at the AHN viewer, we use a custom color palette to display altitude tints in shaded relief.", "image" : "static/ahn_legend.png" }, { "id": "aerial-image", "title": "Aerial", "url": "https://services.arcgisonline.nl/arcgis/rest/services/Luchtfoto/Luchtfoto/MapServer" }, { "id": "topo-actueel", "title": "Topographical", "opacity": 1, "url": "https://services.arcgisonline.nl/ArcGIS/rest/services/Basiskaarten/Topo/MapServer" } ] }, { "id": "historical-depictions", "title": "Historical Depictions", "layers": [ { "id": "archeological-map-1500ad", "title": "Archaeological Map 1500AD", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/PHrUCWXcVq4HQRPl/arcgis/rest/services/Archaeological_Map_1500AD/MapServer" }, { "id": "archeological-map-1850ad", "title": "Archaeological Map 1850AD", "url": "https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/PHrUCWXcVq4HQRPl/arcgis/rest/services/Archaeological_Map_1850AD/MapServer" } ] } ]